Outpatient CLI Revascularization in the United States

The Benefit of Office Interventional Suites to the Complex and At-Risk CLI Patient.

By Jeffrey Carr, MD; William H. Julien, MD; Arthur C. Lee, MD; Jeffrey Wang, MD; and Lynne Mercadante, RN

This year in the United States, approximately 160,000 to 180,000 of the estimated 18 million Americans with peripheral artery disease (PAD) will undergo amputation of a limb as a result of PAD-related complications. An unacceptable amputation rate of > 30% without any vascular evaluation persists, despite the education and attention given to critical limb ischemia (CLI).1 Epidemiologic studies have shown that there are differences in outcomes based on access to care and revascularization.

Fortunately, the treatment of CLI with revascularization is becoming more widespread, and the interest in comprehensive team-based limb preservation programs is growing. This parallels the marked growth of office interventional suites (OISs) throughout the country. These OISs (also known as office-based labs) can often provide treatment for CLI in a more time- and cost-efficient manner while maintaining safety outcomes on par with patients treated in the hospital setting.2 Endovascular revascularization in OISs can help bring safe, effective, and appropriate therapies to a complex and at-risk CLI patient while improving access to care.

PAD AND THE CLI: THE EPIDEMIC AND THE IMPERATIVE
Improvements in technology have allowed for the migration of revascularization services from the hospital setting to same-day interventions in the office setting. Care in community-based, freestanding office facilities focuses on providing endovascular revascularization with minimally invasive techniques and offers a cost-efficient, patient-preferred alternative site of care for patients. In many cases, these freestanding office-based vascular care centers are located in geographically convenient areas and offer reduced wait times for treatment, making quality vascular care more accessible for patients in need.

Although challenges related to PAD and CLI treatment exist, current technologies are available that not only help diagnose PAD, but also help to treat it. Outpatient interventions, such as angiography and endovascular revascularization, that employ the various technologies available have helped decrease the incidence of major amputations by 75%.3 Data suggest that increased accessibility to peripheral vascular intervention in the community setting may have contributed to the reduction in lower extremity amputations for patients with severe lower extremity PAD in the United States. According to one study, the rate of lower limb amputations among Medicare patients in the United States decreased by 45% from 1996 to 2011; during this time, endovascular treatment options and beneficiary access measurably improved.4

The accessibility of care in the community setting is also vital to addressing racial, geographic, and socioeconomic disparities that exist among the PAD patient population. For example, PAD is more common in African Americans than any other racial or ethnic group because conditions that increase the risk for developing PAD (eg, diabetes, high blood pressure) are more common among African Americans.5 Data also show patients from a minority group are much less likely to receive preventive and therapeutic vascular screening and procedures.6 Among PAD patients specifically, minorities are less likely to have limb-sparing procedures, such as angioplasty and lower extremity bypass, and more likely to undergo amputation.7 In addition to these disparities in care, there is still an unacceptably high rate of amputations among all patients with CLI.

Leaders from the vascular care community, including care providers, physicians, patient advocates, and manufacturers, have come together to form the CardioVascular Coalition (CVC) to advance community-based solutions designed to improve awareness, prevention, and intervention of vascular disease with a primary focus on PAD and amputation prevention. In conjunction with the CVC, the Outpatient Endovascular and Interventional Society (OEIS) is developing policies designed to reduce lower-limb amputations by ensuring patients receive arterial testing and therapy, if indicated, in advance of nontraumatic, nonemergent amputations. Together, we must all do more by working to strengthen limb preservation efforts in the United States.

OFFICE INTERVENTIONAL SUITE VERSUS HOSPITAL FOR CLI TREATMENT: ACCESS TO CARE

The complex nature of CLI dictates that patients with CLI are typically the most demanding, time-consuming, and resource-intensive cases. Many of these patients are not only very sick, but also require treatment in an expeditious fashion. Many are elderly and have diabetes and advanced or end-stage renal disease, which means coordination of care is essential. Care coordination can often be more expeditiously achieved in the outpatient setting than in a large, complex, often fractionated hospital environment. Some of the basic differences between the two approaches based on our experience are presented.

In an OIS that focuses on the treatment of patients with CLI, resources will be devoted toward the streamlined treatment of patients. If the physician in an OIS setting decides that a patient requires urgent treatment, she/he will simply make that determination, and the patient receives prompt and timely therapy. In many hospitals, the patient is often at the mercy of a scheduler who has many impediments and often little to no incentive to facilitate this coordination. Additionally, the hospital staff has the challenge of accommodating the needs of multiple physicians, groups, and specialties.

There has been a perception that operators in an OIS “cherry-pick” straightforward cases from the hospital when, in fact, the situation in most OISs is exactly the opposite. To perform very complex cases, new and innovative technology is often needed. Our experience is that it is often much easier to obtain new devices and offer an array of needed technologies in an OIS than in a hospital, particularly when the hospital is part of a larger system. Many experienced operators in the OIS setting are more comfortable treating a complex patient in the office because of the availability of experienced and dedicated staff.

To highlight safe, effective, and patient-focused decision making in the OIS in a real-world CLI patient, consider this example:

A diabetic patient with CLI undergoing dialysis 3 days per week is seen on Monday afternoon. He has a significant ulceration with some necrotic tissue on his foot that needs debridement by his podiatrist as soon as possible with upfront revascularization. The patient wants his case to be done on Tuesday or Thursday to avoid his dialysis days and wants a morning-only time slot because of his diabetes. The patient receives the same endovascular therapy with the same devices performed by the same operator as he would have had in the hospital, but in a more timely fashion.

In the end, the focus of care in the OIS is that the patient receives the right care, at the right time, in the right place, by the right provider—a true demonstration of the role of the OIS in CLI.

ESSENTIALS FOR TREATING CLI IN THE OIS

The transition from hospital- to office-based endovascular care requires coordination and planning. From diagnosis to discharge and follow-up, the organization must function in a patient-centered manner to achieve the best outcomes for the patients. The OIS must be appropriately equipped and the operators and staff adequately trained and prepared for all possible situations and outcomes. This means an “all-in” commitment from the highest level toward building a successful OIS. Imaging equipment needs to meet certain standards and must have digital subtraction ability to be able to perform high-quality CLI interventions. Patient safety and achieving successful outcomes must be the primary drivers for selection of equipment.

An investment into the development of vascular sonographic capability is highly recommended, if not essential. More advanced labs in the OIS report 100% usage of ultrasound-guided access for femoral or alternative access locations (ie, pedal, transtibial, etc).

To borrow from a well-known quote, “It takes a village” to build a successful office-based CLI program, and this begins with education and training. First and foremost, the physician operators should have experience, training, and credentialing to perform these complex CLI procedures as well as skill sets for bailout of potential complications. Support from the entire organization is essential to providing the timely and comprehensive care required by the patients.

Cardiovascular technologists must become adept in using the multitude of devices and techniques employed to treat CLI, and these competencies are often easier to attain and maintain in the OIS. All staff must be certified in advanced cardiovascular life support and trained to watch for and manage signs of access site- or procedure-related complications and to initiate emergency protocols. Practice-wide education (ie, midlevel practitioners, schedulers, etc) must be conducted to ensure that staff fully appreciates the importance of expedited access for the CLI patients. The importance of educating other community physicians, podiatrists, and other health care providers to deliver coordinated CLI care is also essential.

The care continuum does not stop when the patient gets out of bed following the procedure. Detailed discharge instructions must be provided to the patient and his/her support person. Follow-up calls are essential, and a quick and easy path to postcare evaluation must be available for any issue that may need attention. Consideration should also be given to enrolling CLI patients into a chronic care management program or other coordinated care program to ensure appropriate and timely extended care.

Finally, to ensure that appropriate and quality care is given, a quality review program (such as recommended by the OEIS) must be initiated, watching for trends or concerns and promptly responding to any red flags.

MAINTAINING THE GAIN THROUGH OEIS
OEIS was formed in August 2013 by a multidisciplinary group of physicians who shared an interest in performing procedures in an OIS. These physicians were equally represented by vascular surgery, interventional cardiology, and interventional radiology specialties. It is a unique medical society in that these frequently competitive specialties work together to promote education and improvement of care in the OIS. There are many advantages to this health care delivery model, including more control of procedure scheduling, markedly improved physician efficiency, improved patient and physician satisfaction, a less stressful and confusing environment for the patient, physician ability to control quality, and the potential to save the health care system money.

The OEIS is very interested in promoting high-quality, ethical, and cost-effective care. The society’s six quality initiatives include promotion of safety, credentialing of optimally trained operators, measuring outcomes, ensuring compliance with state and federal regulations and coding, procedure and patient selection appropriateness, and peer review (Table 1). Future goals for the OEIS include an organized national registry to collect data and participation in an existing or new accreditation pathway for all office interventional procedures to help further the quality and standards in the OIS.

CONCLUSION

Enhanced by the continued work of professional organizations and refinement of measurement tools, endovascular physicians are using the OIS as a unique site of service to help address the growing epidemic of CLI. OISs help bring safe, effective, and appropriate therapies to the complex and at-risk CLI patient and provide an option to improve a high-quality access to care to this underserved population.

For more information about the OEIS, please visit www.oeisociety.org, and for more information about the CVC, please visit www.cardiovascularcoalition.com.

1. Vemulapalli S, Greiner MA, Jones WS, et al. Peripheral arterial testing before lower extremity amputation among Medicare beneficiaries, 2000 to 2010. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7:142-150.

2. Mesbah Oskui P, Kloner RA, Burstein S, et al. The safety and efficacy of peripheral vascular procedures performed in the outpatient setting. J Invasive Cardiol. 2015;27:243-249.

3. Sanguily J. Endovascular evaluation and treatment of PAD patients results in lower amputation rate. Poster presented at: International Symposium of Endovascular Therapy 2015; February 3, 2015. Hollywood, Florida.

4. Goodney P, Tarulli M, Faerber A, et al. Fifteen-year trends in lower limb amputation, revascularization, and preventive measures among Medicare patients. JAMA Surg. 2015;150:84-86.

5. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Facts about peripheral arterial disease (PAD) for African Americans. Bethesda (MD): US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2006. NIH publication 06-5835.

6. Brothers TE, Robison JG, Sutherland SE, Elliott BM. Racial differences in operation for peripheral vascular disease: results of a population-based study. Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;5:26-31.

7. Lefebvre K, Lavery L. Disparities in amputations in minorities. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:1941-1950.

Jeffrey Carr, MD
Immediate Past President
Outpatient Endovascular and Interventional Society
Board of Directors-Cardiovascular Coalition
Medical Director
Tyler Cardiac and Endovascular Center
Tyler, Texas
jeffcarr@me.com
Disclosures: None.

William H. Julien, MD
President
Outpatient Endovascular and Interventional Society
CEO
South Florida Vascular Associates
Coconut Creek, Florida
drjulien@southfloridavascular.com
Disclosures: None.

Arthur C. Lee, MD
Director of Peripheral Intervention
The Cardiac and Vascular Institute
Gainesville, Florida
alee@tcavi.com
Disclosures: None.

Jeffrey Wang, MD
Director of Vascular Research
Shady Grove Adventist Hospital
Horizon Vascular Specialists
Rockville, Maryland
jeffrey.y.wang@gmail.com
Disclosures: None.

Lynne Mercadante, RN
Director of Invasive Services
The Cardiac and Vascular Institute
Gainesville, Florida
Disclosures: None.

If You Are Diabetic, Proper Foot Care Is Essential For A Healthy Life

The Society for Vascular Surgery, the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Medicine collaboratively have published their first-ever set of clinical practice guidelines for treating the diabetic foot.

Peripheral arterial disease, also called PAD, occurs when blood vessels in the legs are narrowed or blocked by fatty deposits and blood flow to your feet and legs decreases.

If you have PAD, you have an increased risk for heart attack and stroke. An estimated 1 out of every 3 people with diabetes over the age of 50 have this condition. However, many of those with warning signs don't realize that they have PAD and therefore don't get treatment.

If you have diabetes, you're much more likely to have PAD, but you can cut your chances of having those problems by taking special care of your blood vessels.

If you have diabetes, complications from the disease such as a non-healing wound on your foot, can put you at significant risk for amputation of a foot or leg. Diabetic foot care is a simple list of things you can do daily—at home, guided by your doctor—to protect your feet against wounds and avoid amputation. Neuropathy- wounds-

DAILY ATTENTION AND ONGOING CARE ARE IMPORTANT

Your risk for wounds on your feet leading to amputation increases the longer you have diabetes. Proper foot care is important for the rest of your life.

Why?

Your feet experience a lot stress every day as you put on shoes and walk. With diabetes, your feet are particularly prone to wounds because:
• Nerve damage leads to neuropathy and the loss of feeling; wounds on your feet can easily go unnoticed. If not treated immediately, a small wound can progress to a bigger wound.
• Decreased circulation makes your skin and tissue weaker. This means wounds can form more easily and be slow to heal.
• Joint and bone abnormalities can deform the foot and make certain areas more likely to form wounds. Pressure on your feet from ill-fitting shoes can contribute to these deformities.
• High sugar levels make you very vulnerable to simple wounds becoming infected

Proper diabetic foot care has 3 simple components:

1. SKIN AND NAIL CARE
• Wash your feet daily with mild soap. Dry your feet gently; do not rub too vigorously.
• Apply lotion to avoid dry or cracked skin.
• Trim toenails when wet because that’s when they are softer. Trim nails straight across. Do not trim your skin or cuticles. If you have trouble, you may want to see a podiatrist.

2. DAILY FOOT INSPECTION
• Check your feet every day at the same time—make it part of your daily routine. Look carefully for wounds on the top and bottom of each foot, all of your toes (top, bottom and tip) and between your toes. If you can’t see all parts of your feet, use a mirror or ask someone to inspect them for you.
• Skin between toes can easily crack and wounds can be overlooked. Make sure to pull apart your toes and look carefully.
• Be sure to check the ball of each foot; it is subject to a lot of pressure and is a common area for calluses and wounds to develop.
• If you notice any cuts, scrapes, areas of discoloration, or calluses on your feet, notify your health care provider immediately.
• Trust your instincts. If either foot, or part of either foot, feels different in any way, let your health provider know.

3. PROPER FOOTWEAR
• Your shoes should be comfortable and not cause any increased pressure on any bony areas.
• If you have noticed any deformities in your feet, you may want to see a podiatrist for help in choosing proper footwear.

ADDITIONAL STEPS TO AVOID FOOT INJURY
• Avoid extreme heat of any kind: do not soak feet in hot water, do not use hot water bottles or heating pads/blankets.
• Never walk barefoot anywhere.

With proper foot care, you can avoid wounds, infections and foot or leg amputation.

Thomas' Story: Peripheral Artery Disease

Part 1

Thomas is a retired Registered Nurse who enjoys living an active lifestyle. He plays 18 holes of golf regularly, is an avid fisherman, loves to travel, enjoys taking his dog for long walks, and he and his wife love to stroll the malls spending time together. His active lifestyle was disrupted when he began experiencing aching, painful and tired legs while walking. He could barely walk 1 block before he needed to stop due to the discomfort in his legs. Thomas was no longer able to engage in the active things in life that he enjoyed most. He thought this might be a sign of getting older.

After 1 year of living with pain that was getting progressively worse, Thomas decided it was time to seek medical advice. He first consulted with his primary care physician who suggested he could have a blockage in an artery in his right leg and referred him to Dr. William Julien, a board certified, expert endovascular surgeon who specializes in treating patients with arterial and vascular diseases.

Upon examination and testing, it was determined that Thomas had a blockage in the arteries in his right leg and a partial blockage in the left leg. He was diagnosed with peripheral artery disease (PAD), a disease of the arteries that is caused by a thickening of the inside walls of the arteries of the legs. This thickening (plaque), called atherosclerosis, narrows the space through which blood can flow, decreasing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the legs and feet. It can affect both legs, but most often symptoms begin in one leg. PAD is very common affecting over 10 million Americans over the age of 55. Symptoms of PAD are aching, painful legs while walking, but the pain typically subsides when a person stops the activity.

Dr. Julien recommended that Thomas undergo go a minimally invasive procedure, balloon angioplasty used to open blocked and narrowed arteries in the leg to re-establish normal blood flow. He would need 2 separate procedures, 1 for the right leg and 1 for the left leg after the right leg healed. The procedure requires using imaging for guidance while a catheter is inserted through the femoral artery in the groin to the blocked artery in the legs. Once the catheter reaches the blocked artery, the balloon is inflated to open the blood vessel where it is narrowed or blocked. In Thomas’ case, he needed to have a stent, a small metal-mesh tube, inserted to keep the artery open after the angioplasty.

Angioplasty replaces invasive surgery and all it requires is a nick in the skin the size of a pencil tip where the catheter enters the groin.

The angioplasty to the right leg was performed in January of 2015 and was very successful. The second angioplasty on the left leg was performed 2 months later in March of 2015. Within 2 weeks post-surgery, Thomas was back on his feet enjoying his active lifestyle once again. “I can now enjoy walking the mall with my wife, take my dogs for walks, go on fishing trips, travel, golf and feel comfortable walking distances pain free”, says Thomas. What a relief!

Thomas’ Story

Part 2

Fast forward to July 2015… Thomas was feeling great, in fact he says he could use his “new legs” for anything he wanted to do and was also able to walk further distances. Thomas loves to fish and went on a fishing trip but unfortunately, he took a bad fall on the boat that fractured his right ankle and crushed the tissue on his left shin down to the muscle. He had 3 orthopedic surgeries for the ankle but was left with an open wound on his left shin where the tissue was crushed. He tried many types of remedies to heal the wound but nothing seemed to work. He was in pain and had difficulty walking… once again.

Fortunately, Thomas had a follow-up appointment scheduled with Dr. Julien for his angioplasty procedures. He showed his wound to Dr. Julien who is an expert in the treatment of open wounds to the lower extremities. Non-healing, open wounds in the legs are often a result of advanced peripheral artery disease (critical limb ischemia) because plague build-up in the arteries reduces blood flow to the legs and without blood oxygen and nutrients, wounds cannot heal properly. Critical limb ischemia is a serious condition that requires immediate treatment to re-establish blood-flow to the affected area. If not treated quickly, a limb amputation may be needed. Since the wound was on the left leg that had been previously treated for plaque build-up, Dr. Julien suspected that the artery had additional plaque build-up and scheduled Thomas for an angiogram, a special X-ray that can detect blockages in the arteries.

Sure enough, Thomas had plaque build-up, atherosclerosis, in the left leg that was preventing the wound from healing. This time Dr. Julien performed atherectomy, a procedure that uses a small drill to shave the plaque from the arteries.  Once the plaque was removed, a balloon angioplasty was performed to keep the artery open and re-establish normal blood flow.

Three weeks later, Thomas’ wound was completely healed and closed.

“I can’t say enough about the wonderful care I received at South Florida Vascular Associates”, says Thomas. Dr. Julien is a great doctor who makes me feel very comfortable and he has a great sense of humor! The staff is terrific, very informative and they explained everything to me every step of the way. I love that they have an in-office, operating suite and recovery area which made the process so much easier and more convenient. “I feel so much better, I’m not in any pain, I can walk again and I even went out recently to play my first round of golf in over 1 year”.

“I am so grateful and appreciative for the outstanding care that was given to me, I am now returning to the active man I once was!” said Thomas.

Providing New Hope to Patients with Colon Cancer that Has Spread to the Liver

If you or a loved one has colorectal cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the liver, it is important to learn the facts and evaluate treatment options.  A diagnosis of colorectal liver metastases can be overwhelming, but there is hope.

At South Florida Vascular Associates we offer a minimally invasive cancer treatment radioembolization using yttrium 90 (Y90) beads. This non-surgical treatment is most commonly used for advanced stage liver cancer (primary or metastatic). Y-90 beads are used in targeted radiation therapy, also known as selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) that selectively delivers a dose of internal radiation to liver tumors.

 Due to the liver tumor's unique blood supply, millions of tiny spheres are delivered directly to the tumors while sparing healthy liver tissue. The treatment requires a small incision in the groin and is administered via a very small flexible tube (microcatheter) into the liver.

Treatment Goals & Patient Benefits:
• Extend life
• Increase the time until other treatments are needed
• Shrink tumor size and in some cases allow for removal of tumor
• Improve quality of life
• Give fewer side effects
• Provide symptom relief by surgery
• Slow tumor growth

Published on SIRTEX.com  Heather’s Story: Colon Cancer that Spread to the Liver 

As a mother of five, Heather Bishop knows how to take on anything that life throws her way. However, on August 7, 2014, Heather learned of a new challenge she would have to face: stage IV colon cancer.

Earlier in 2014 Heather noticed that many of the symptoms she was experiencing were closely associated to Irritable Bowel Syndrome, so she decided to schedule a doctor’s appointment. She explained to the doctor how she was feeling and what symptoms she noticed. While the doctor took note of these symptoms, he noticed a hard area under Heather’s rib cage. This area made it difficult for Heather to sit up straight, but she didn’t feel any pain. A CT scan was scheduled immediately and shortly thereafter a colonoscopy.

Heather soon learned that she had a tumor in her colon. Her liver was covered and the tumors had metastasized to her spine, skull, and hip. The doctor acknowledged that it was possible she could also have tumors in her lungs, but unfortunately the tumors were too small to conduct a biopsy.
At the end of August, Heather started chemotherapy. Although she was going through chemotherapy, the amount of cancer discovered in Heather’s liver concerned her doctor. He recommended she look into Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT). After consulting another doctor that had experience using SIR-Spheres® Y-90 resin microspheres, the doctors agreed that Heather was a great candidate. During off weeks of chemotherapy, Heather went in for her SIRT treatment. If she was more fatigued than normal, she didn’t notice. Out of all of the procedures and treatments, Heather believed that the SIR-Spheres Y-90 resin microspheres interrupted her life the least. She didn’t notice pain or discomfort. Instead, she felt remarkably better. Side effects of SIRT are generally mild, including tiredness, loss of appetite, mild fever, stomach pain, sickness, injection site soreness and diarrhea. There is no hair loss with this treatment. Most side effects following a SIRT procedure are minor, but a small number can be serious. Every patient is different in how he or she reacts to a treatment.
In late November Heather had her last procedure. Her father came to help with her five children as she recovered. By mid-December, Heather felt well enough to take care of her family. She still had help with meals and household responsibilities, but for the most part Heather could take care of herself and her children and even went on vacation. At her final follow up appointment, Heather’s doctor was so surprised by the massive change to her liver that he called in his nurse practitioner to see her, too. The doctor said he hadn’t seen results like that in five years.

When Heather found out about her stage IV colon cancer she was told that her colon wouldn’t kill her, but her liver probably would. Today, Heather believes that without SIR-Spheres Y-90 resin microspheres, her life would be dramatically different. Now, Heather shares her inspiring story with others in the hopes that they, too, can benefit from SIRT and have a greater chance of living a longer, healthier, and more productive life.

Are You at Risk for Peripheral Artery Disease? Is It Preventable?

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a disease in which plaque, the accumulation of fat and cholesterol, builds up in the arteries that carry blood to your head, organs, and limbs. This build of plaque is a condition called atherosclerosis. Over time, plaque can harden and narrow the arteries limiting the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your body. If the plaque build-up is not addressed, you could potentially lose a limb.

The known risk factors for peripheral artery disease are those that predispose to the development of atherosclerosis. Risk factors for peripheral artery disease include:

• High blood levels of the bad LDL cholesterol–the main source of cholesterol buildup and        blockage in the arteries
• High Triglycerides–another form of fat in your blood that can raise your risk for heart disease
• Cigarette smoking
• Types 1 and 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure (hypertension) or a family history of hypertension
• A family history of atherosclerotic disease
• Chronic renal failure
• Overweight or obesity
• Physical inactivity

By taking action to control your risk factors such as being physically active, following a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables and quit smoking, you can help prevent or delay PAD and its complications.

Lifestyle changes can also help prevent and control conditions associated with PAD, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and stroke. Although PAD can be serious, it's treatable. If you have been diagnosed with PAD, there are medications and minimally invasive, endovascular procedures such as atherectomy that can break up the plague in your arteries and re-establish normal blood flow through your legs. PAD treatment often slows or stops the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of complications.

PAD affects over 10 million Americans, it is slightly more common in men than women and affects 12-20 percent of people 65 and older. By understanding your risks, changing your lifestyle to a healthier one and quit smoking if you smoke, you can hopefully lower and prevent your chances of developing PAD.

Gabriel's Story: Endovenous Laser Treatment for Varicose Veins

39 year old Gabriel Quiroga is an air conditioner contractor. Part of his everyday routine is going house- to -house or business- to -business, where he climbs up ladders get up to roofs, into attics, and other hard to reach areas. Quiroga is totally dependent upon the use of his legs for his livelihood and a good quality of life.

Quiroga was experiencing severe pain in his left leg and swelling at the ankle, especially while standing and climbing up ladders. “I was in constant discomfort and was concerned that I might have to change careers. I could barely stand for any length of time without feeling severe pain”, said Quiroga.

Quiroga was referred to South Florida Vascular Associates and Dr. William Julien to discuss his symptoms and determine a treatment option. Upon testing and examination, Dr. Julien determined that Quiroga had a large varicose vein in his left leg which was causing venous insufficiency, a common condition resulting from decreased blood flow from the leg veins up to the heart. “When valves become weak and don't close properly, they force blood to flow backward, a condition called reflux”, said Dr. Julien. In normal veins, valves in the vein keep blood moving forward toward the heart. With varicose veins, the valves do not function properly, allowing blood to remain or pool, in the vein. Pooling of blood in a vein causes it to enlarge, which creates pain, especially when a person is standing and placing pressure on the leg.

Varicose vein treatment, also known as endovenous laser treatment (EVLT), is a minimally invasive procedure that uses radiofrequency or laser energy to seal off and close varicose veins in the legs. It may be used for cosmetic purposes, but it is most commonly used to help alleviate related symptoms such as aching, swelling, skin irritation, discoloration or inflammation. EVLT is safe, less invasive than conventional surgery known as vein stripping and leaves virtually no scars.

                                         

    Dr. William Julien Explains EVLT

EVLT is an alternative to traditional open surgery and it requires minimal access to the vein.  In the past, if a patient was suffering from painful varicose veins they would need to undergo an open surgical procedure (vein stripping) to seal off the vein. Vein stripping is very painful and a difficult experience for the patient.
                                                   
Vein stripping is done using general anesthesia and the procedure usually takes up to 1 1/2 hours. After surgery patients have bandages and compression stockings on their leg and the leg may need to be wrapped to control swelling and bleeding for 3 - 5 days or longer after surgery.

EVLT on the other hand, is a much easier on the patient. The procedure typically takes less than one hour, provides immediate relief, no general anesthesia, recovery period is minimized and a patient can immediately return to normal activities, without scarring or stitches. There is a lower rate of complication and a higher success rate.

“I can’t believe how simple this procedure was”, said Quiroga. “I postponed having the procedure for so long thinking I would be out of work for several weeks and the day after the procedure, I was able to climb my ladder, something I thought I might never be able to do again”. Aside for wearing a compression stocking for a few weeks, Quiroga did not experience any discomfort and was immediately able to return to his job. “This procedure is amazing, said Quiroga, I can’t believe how easy and painless it was”.

If you suffer from unsightly and painful varicose veins,call our office for a consultation or call 954-725-4141

Today is National Wear Red Day: What women need to know about heart disease and stroke

As Featured On Fox News

February 5 is the day that the American Heart Association asks everyone to wear red in order to raise awareness for heart disease in women.  Created in 2004, Go RED day was designed to promote healthier lives for women of all ages.

Today 1 in 3 women are affected by heart disease in the United States, and nearly 44 million American women are living with heart disease. Even though cardiovascular disease is quite prevalent in women, only 1 in 5 women are aware that heart disease is their greatest health risk.

While we have made great strides in reducing cardiovascular death rates in women over the last 20 years, we still must continue to educate and advocate for women of all ages—this advocacy begins with dispelling the common myths surrounding heart disease in general. It is my hope that through efforts such as the Go Red campaign, we can promote better heart health for millions of American women. Ultimately, we must engage women and their families in order to most effectively eliminate needless cardiac related deaths in the next decade.

Myth 1: Heart Disease is predominantly a disease of men

The truth: More women than men die of heart disease every single year. Heart disease kills more women than all types of cancer combined. While most women believe that their greatest health risk comes from breast or uterine cancer—in actuality, a woman’s greatest health risk is from heart disease and stroke.  Nearly 90 percent of all women have at least one risk factor for heart disease.

Myth 2: Heart Disease affects men and women in the same way

The truth: Heart disease affects men and women differently. Biologic and hormonal differences in men and women contribute to the ways in which heart disease develops and progresses.   Studies have shown that after menopause, women have an even higher risk for heart disease—estrogens seem to promote better cholesterol profiles.

Women tend to present to a healthcare provider far later in the course of the disease and have more diffuse blockages in their heart (coronary) arteries. These blockages in coronary arteries result in heart attacks. Heart attacks have several commonly recognized symptoms. Men tend to have more typical symptoms like crushing chest pain and associated shortness of breath, nausea, radiation of pain to neck or jaw.

Women, in contrast, may have very atypical symptoms and some women have no symptoms at all. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly two-thirds of women who have sudden cardiac death due to heart disease have no symptoms. While women may certainly have the same symptoms as men, it is more common for them to present with more vague and non-specific symptoms such as feelings of dread, anxiety, back pain and flu-like symptoms.

Heart attacks appear to be much more severe and carry a higher risk for death and complications in women as compared to men.  For example, in the first year following a heart attack women are 40 percent more likely to die than men. In the six years following a heart attack, women are twice as likely to have a second event as compared to men with similar disease.

Myth 3: Women with heart disease are treated the same as men

The truth: Women with heart disease are under-treated and underserved. Women are not screened for and diagnosed with heart disease as aggressively as men. Many times women are sent home from the hospital with atypical symptoms only to find out later that they had suffered a heart attack. When women are diagnosed with heart disease, they are less likely to be treated with the most advanced and aggressive therapies. Men are more likely to undergo cardiac catheterization or coronary artery bypass operations to restore blood flow to the heart after a blockage occurs. Women are more likely to have both minor and major complications from invasive procedures but, in many cases, women seem to see a greater benefit as compared to men. After suffering a heart attack and being treated in the hospital, women are far less likely to be referred for cardiac rehabilitation and are also less likely to be placed on important medications that have been shown to prevent future events.

MYTH 4:  It can’t happen to me

The truth: Heart disease does not discriminate. The risk factors for heart disease are the same in both men and women:

--Smoking

--Diabetes

--High Cholesterol

--High Blood Pressure

--Family History of Heart Disease

--Obesity

Nearly 80 percent of all women have at least one risk factor for heart disease. More importantly, many of these risk factors are modifiable. While breast cancer affects 1 in 8 women, heart disease affects one in three. Chronic heart disease and suffering a heart attack can result in physical limitation, significant decrease in quality of life, depression and ultimately heart failure.

SO, WHAT CAN WOMEN DO? 

Women must take control of their own health.

Joe's Story: Critical Limb Ischemia

Joe Langer no longer takes walking for granted. “One day I was fine, the next my toes turned purple and I was in horrific pain. I developed open wounds on the bottom of my feet, gangrene set and I could barely walk. It happened very fast and the next thing I knew, I was facing amputation on both legs from the knees down.”

Every 30 seconds some one, some where in the world is undergoing an amputation, according the American Diabetes Association.

Most tragic, the majority can be prevented according to endovascular surgeon, Dr. William Julien founder of South Florida Vascular Associates, “As more people develop diabetes, amputations are becoming more common, yet 96-percent of them can be avoided. Unfortunately the vast majority of patients aren’t aware of that so they end up losing their limbs or worse yet, their lives.”
People at highest risk are diabetics, those with high cholesterol, heart disease and smokers.

The condition is known as critical limb ischemia (CLI). Simply put, plaque builds up in the arteries, seriously decreasing blood flow to extremities including the hands, feet and legs causing extreme pain and at worst, loss of limbs.

Joe, a diabetic and former smoker considers himself lucky. His podiatrist sent him to South Florida Vascular Associates where they specialize in treating CLI. Joe’s brother-in-law, also a diabetic was not so lucky. Joe says, “His podiatrist did not send him to experts like Dr. Julien and unfortunately his toes were cut off. We now know that could have been prevented.”

Endovascular surgeons at South Florida Vascular Associates take a multi-disciplinary approach to saving limbs and lives. Joe is a great example, they opened the blockages in his arteries then worked very closely with his wound care, infectious disease, and primary care doctors to make sure his wounds were properly healed".

Dr. William Julien Explains Atherectomy Procedure in the Video Below

Using state-of-the-art ultrasound and angiogram technology, he first pinpoints blockages inside artery walls. Then an atherectomy procedure is done in which tiny rotating tools can pulverize and remove the plaque. If necessary, stents are used or angioplasty to re-open the arteries and restore blood flow to the limbs. In addition, hyperbaric oxygen therapy is sometimes prescribed to help heal wounds faster.

It’s a crime to amputate when most of the time it can be prevented. The biggest problem is getting the word out and educating the public.

Joe is trying to help do just that, “These docs performed a miracle. I was in such pain, it was killing me and now I’m back to normal and I consider myself a very lucky man.”

Dr. Julien says, “We urge patients who are told that their limbs must be amputated to get a second opinion. By spreading the word we can significantly reduce the number of amputations from wounds that just won’t heal.”

If you are diagnosed with critical limb ischemia and are told you need your limb amputated, please contact one of our 3 convenient offices to schedule a consultation with our board certified endovascular surgeons. We may be able to salvage your limb.

What is Carotid Artery Disease? Are You at Risk?

Carotid artery disease (CAD) occurs when the major arteries in your neck become narrowed or blocked. These arteries, called the carotid arteries, supply your brain with blood. The two carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck, are the main blood supply to the brain. Each carotid artery extends upward from the aorta in the chest and into the base of the skull to enter the brain.

Carotid artery disease can lead to stroke

Approximately 25% of strokes are caused by carotid artery disease from atherosclerosis, a build-up of plaque in the arteries that carry blood to the brain. Eventually, the artery narrows, blood flow is decreased, and the risk of stroke is increased. The patient may experience symptoms such as blurred vision, slurred speech, or weakness, which are all signs of stroke.

By removing the fat and cholesterol build-up inside the artery, adequate blood flow is restored, which can help prevent a stroke. Blockages of carotid arteries in the neck are responsible for more than half of all strokes.

                                            

       

     Click on the video to hear Dr. William Julien talk about treatment for CAD

Atherosclerosis can lead to carotid artery disease

As people age, arterial plaque made up of cholesterol, other lipids, calcium, and fibrous tissue can build up in the walls of their arteries. As the plaque deposits enlarge, the arteries become narrow and stiffened, causing atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), which tends to develop later in life.
Atherosclerosis begins with partial but progressive blockage or narrowing of arteries. When enough plaque has accumulated to interfere with blood flow in the main arteries to the brain, a person is said to have severe carotid artery disease. A complete blockage that stops all blood flow through the carotid artery can follow.

To learn more about carotid artery disease (CAD) visit our educational page to learn about symptoms, risk factors and minimally invasive treatment options performed by our board certified, endovascular surgeons Dr. William Julien and Dr. Curtis Anderson at South Florida Vascular Associates.

Can Diet Improve Your Blood Circulation?

A healthy circulatory system is responsible for the steady flow of blood, oxygen, nutrients, and disease-fighting immune cells throughout your body. Without the circulatory system, the body would not be able to fight disease or maintain a stable internal environment.

In a unhealthy circulatory system, you could have poor blood circulation which can occur from fatty plaques known as atherosclerosis, and blood clots that block the normal flow of blood through the arteries into your limbs. Atherosclerosis raises your risk of vascular and heart disease contributing to peripheral artery disease, heart attack and stroke.

Studies have shown that by adding certain foods to your diet such as garlic, fruits and whole grains, you can help to keep your blood vessels healthy and improve circulation. Below are some of the super foods you might consider incorporating into your weekly diet.

Fiber Helps Reduce Cholesterol

If you have poor blood circulation because of atherosclerosis, your cholesterol levels may be high so reducing these levels can help improve your artery and heart health. The National Institutes of Health recommends eating a diet that contains less than 200 milligrams of cholesterol per day. Foods that contain fiber, such as whole grains, oats, apples, bananas, pears, and legumes such as lentils, kidney beans and chick peas can help to lower your cholesterol which in turn increases healthy blood flow and reduces your risk or cardiovascular disease.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Thin the Blood

Adding fish such as wild salmon, albacore tuna, trout, oysters and anchovies to your weekly diet gives you essential omega-3 fatty acids. In addition to fish, avocados and nuts are high in omega-3 fatty acids. The healthy fat in omegs-3 helps to lower unhealthy fats called triglycerides in the blood, reduce blood pressure, thin the blood and reduce your risk of blood clots. Recommendations for fish are to eat two to three servings of fatty fish per week.

Garlic -A natural blood thinner that can improve blood flow to your limbs. Researchers gave healthy volunteers a daily dose of 600 milligrams of garlic supplements for seven days. Blood samples from the group showed that blood flow in their calf muscles improved significantly after taking garlic. This is particularly important for individuals with varicose veins or clots in their arteries. Whole garlic has similar benefits if you eat 2 to 4 grams of fresh, minced garlic cloves per day. If you are taking any medication, consult your doctor before using any natural remedy.


Oranges- High in vitamin C and considered to be a natural blood thinner and are said to strengthen capillary walls and prevent plaque build-up which leads to poor circulation.

Dark Chocolate- Cocoa contains flavonoids which is naturally found in plants and fruits and has been well linked to improving blood circulation. A study published in the Circulation Journal showed that dark chocolate rich in natural flavonoids improved blood circulation when compared with white chocolate with no flavonoids.

Cayenne pepper is available as a fresh pepper or dried spice and has been associated with increasing metabolic rate and strengthening arteries and blood vessels. Cayenne pepper is best eaten raw in salads or juiced.

Sunflower seeds- Rich in vitamin E which is shown to help keep blood clots from forming. They are great at helping improve circulation.

Watermelon- Rich in lycopene which is a natural antioxidant linked to improving circulation. Lycopene is a natural pigment which gives certain foods their reddish color. Tomatoes, pink grapefruit and apricots also contain lycopene.

If you suffer from poor circulation and cardiovascular disease and are under the care of a physician consult with your physician before implementing this diet.

Salud!

Extensive Holiday Travel Can Put You at Risk for Deep Vein Thrombosis

The holiday season is upon us and during the holidays many of us plan long distance trips to visit family and friends either by car or by plane that may require many hours of sitting.

Sitting on a plane or in a car for long periods of time can put you at risk for developing a serious blood clot known as a Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT). We even have a name for a DVT that occurs as a result of a lengthy flight, "Economy Class Syndrome".

The American Heart Association (AHA) estimates that one in 1,000 people develop DVT each year. A DVT is the development of a blood clot in the deep veins of the legs. When the circulation of the blood slows down due to inactivity, illness, or injury, blood can accumulate or "pool," which provides an ideal setting for clot formation. Blood clots in deep veins can grow in size, break loose, and then travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, resulting in a life-threatening pulmonary embolism.

Travelling on long trips, sitting at a desk all day or even being bed-ridden for a long period of time can cause blood clots to form. If you are a person who travels or sits a lot, we encourage you to be aware of these potential symptoms below and seek medical attention immediately.

• Generalized swelling of the affected leg
• Affected leg may be larger than the other leg
• Affected leg may feel warm and be redder than the other leg
• Pain or tenderness in the calf or thigh when it is touched or squeezed or with movement or      standing. Calf or thigh pain may become constant and increase with squeezing or movement.

Below are some helpful tips to help keep your blood circulating during your travels

• If travelling by car, stop every couple of hours and get out and walk around. If you're on a plane, try to get up and walk every 30-60 minutes, if possible.
• Avoid alcohol, caffeine and other substances that may produce dehydration. Drink plenty of fluids – preferably water.
• While sitting on the plane or in the car, try to raise your toes and flex your calves. This motion causes your calf muscles to contract and promotes the flow of blood in the veins in the legs. This can help prevent blood from pooling and forming a clot.

If you know that you have risk factors for DVT, consider talking with your physician before travelling to discuss whether compression stockings for your legs are needed.

The holiday season is a wonderful time to visit your favorite people in far-away places. Enjoy yourself, but while enroute, be sure to perform the simple exercises listed above to keep your blood circulating and your leg veins healthy.

Wishing you a Happy and Healthy Holiday Season!

Does Crossing Your Legs Cause Varicose Veins?

Contrary to an old wives tale: a study in the journal Blood Pressure Monitoring determined that crossing your legs while sitting has no or little impact on whether you’ll develop varicose veins. Actually, sitting with legs or ankles crossed has no immediate effects on your health however, if you sit with your legs crossed for long periods of time without moving your legs or changing your position, it has been shown that blood pressure rises temporarily and additional stress is placed on your hip joints.

If you sit a lot or have a job that requires you to sit behind a desk for long periods of time and you develop tingles in your legs, the best thing to do is to take breaks and walk around the office. Tingles in your legs can be caused by the temporary restriction of blood flow so walking around will improve your blood circulation and wake up your muscles and get them working.

It is also recommended for those who sit for long periods of time do light exercises while sitting down. Below are a few exercises to try and they should be done several times a day to keep your blood flowing through your legs.

• Lift your feet off the ground and flex them up and down to enable fresh blood to flow through your legs
• Flex and release the muscles in your legs starting at your toes and working upwards
• Place a foot rest under your chair to keep your legs and feet elevated, this position helps with circulation
• Stand and stretch several times per day
• Massage your legs

As long as you keep moving your legs, blood will continue flowing through your veins to keep your legs healthy and reduce your risk for varicose veins.

If you do suffer from unsightly, painful varicose veins or spider veins, doctors at South Florida Vascular Associates  Dr. William Julien and Dr. Curtis Anderson, offer several minimally-invasive vein treatments to treat varicose veins and circulation problems, including endovenous laser ablation (EVLT), sclerotherapy, and phlebectomy.

“Movember”, No-Shave November - Raises Awareness for Men's Health Issues

November is Men’s Health Awareness Month also known as Movember. Movember is a campaign in which men can participate by growing a mustache or facial hair to arouse conversation and raise awareness of men’s health issues. As many men are not great at scheduling regular doctor visits, Movember is a time to encourage men to seek regular medical advice and early treatment for disease.

Movember supports men’s health issues such as depression, physical inactivity, prostate cancer, testicle cancer, and other medical conditions that are prevalent in men. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the number of cases is expected to almost double to 1.7 million cases by 2030.

Gender is one of the strongest predictors of health and life expectancy. For men, this is not good news. On average across the world, men die 6 years earlier than women. In addition, poor mental health affects men more than women, in fact three quarters of suicides are by men. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 510,000 men die from suicide globally each year. That’s one every minute.

The aim of this cause is to increase early detection of cancer as well as other male related illnesses. Early detection enables physicians to implement treatment plans that can potentially save lives. Besides annual check-ups, the Movember Foundation encourages men to be aware of family history and to adopt a healthier lifestyle.

If you’re not interested in growing facial hair, the Foundation's also hosts a "MOVE in Movember" challenge which encourages men and women too, to be physically active throughout November. Move in Movember is a great way for men who suffer from peripheral artery disease to be more active. Walking and bicycling are some of the best forms of activity to keep the blood flowing through your legs.

So here’s to all of the men out there… at South Florida Vascular Associates, we urge you take the time to think about your health and schedule annual doctor appointments; be aware of any family history of medical conditions that could potentially affect you, stay active, eat healthy, and live longer, healthier, lives.

Studies Show That Drinking 2 Cups of Beetroot Juice Daily Can Lower Your Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease

Did you know that beetroot juice is loaded with multiple essential vitamins and minerals and is one of the healthiest super-foods out there? Many people aren’t particularly fond of the taste of beetroot juice but there are so many health benefits to be derived from it and so many tasty recipes you can create with them that you must not miss out.  Beyond supplying the body with an array of nutrients, beetroot juice also has tangible positive effects on your energy levels, peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular health.

Beetroot juice is a natural multivitamin accompanied by a large amount of mineral content. It is loaded with high levels of vitamin C, folic acid, beta carotene (vitamin A) and vitamins B1, B2 and B3. Mineral wise, beetroot juice contains a long list of valuable nutrients: potassium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, copper, selenium and iron. In addition, beetroot juice contains protein in the form of a complete set of amino acids.

Because of all of the natural nitrates contained in beetroot juice, it has the ability to increase stamina and lower blood pressure. The evidence of this finding comes from a British study from The London School of Medicine. The study determined that the nitrate levels in 500 milliliters of beetroot juice a day had a measurable effect on blood pressure reduction. The findings also showed that not only did the nitrates in the beetroot juice reduce blood pressure just few hours after ingestion, but the positive effects still registered a full day after ingestion.

The exact reasons behind how nitrates actually reduce blood pressure is still being studied, but researchers believe that the natural nitrites in beet juice may act as a blood vessel expander that improves circulation.

Beetroot juice has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system. The widening of blood vessels caused by nitrate ingestion not only improves circulation, but also decreases the risk of heart disease, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and vascular disease. Studies show that by expanding the blood vessels, the nitrates in beetroot juice supply more blood and oxygen to the heart. Not only does beetroot juice dilate blood vessels to improve blood flow and lower blood pressure, it also reduces the amount of oxygen muscles need during physical activity. This muscle effect makes it much easier for people of all ages, no matter what their health condition is, to perform both low- and high-intensity physical activities. In fact, researchers noted that those who drank beet juice required 12 percent less effort to walk than those who did not drink it. Two cups of beetroot juice daily are recommended for increasing nitrate levels to a degree that's beneficial for the cardiovascular system.

While scientific interest in beetroot juice has only gained momentum in the past few decades, reports of its use as a natural medicine dates back to Roman times.  In fact, beetroot juice has been shown to lower inflammation, increase brain function and helps to supply more oxygen to the muscles of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to extend their time until exhaustion by 15 percent when exercising.

By no means is beetroot juice a replacement for the necessary medicines prescribed by your physician. It is a natural supplement that is showing to be very effective for many chronic illnesses but should not be expected to cure them on its own.

If you are interested in adding beetroot juice to your diet, it is available on the market:
Beet-It is highly concentrated so you may want to hold your nose and down a shot or two rather than a full glassful, making it a supplement rather than food. Unbeetable, developed at Wake Forest, is sweeter and slightly carbonated. Among the side effects of the juices are pink urine and stools, with a small fraction of people having beet allergies

Please enjoy trying these easy recipes for adding the benefits of beets and beetroot juice to your diet.

7 Delicious Nutritious Beetroot Juice Recipies

South Florida Vascular Associates Now Offers Minimally Invasive Treatment for Advanced Stage Metastatic Liver Cancer

South Florida Vascular Associates and Dr. Curtis Anderson are pleased to announce the availability of SIR-Spheres® microspheres to treat patients with metastatic liver cancer. SIR-Spheres microspheres are the only fully FDA PMA approved microspheres for colorectal cancer that has metastasized (cancer that has spread from a primary source) to the liver.

Our doctors are now offering this new minimally invasive treatment radioembolization, using yttrium 90 (Y90) beads for primary or metastatic liver cancer that can extend survival time and provides new hope to patients with liver tumors.

The procedure, performed in a hospital setting as an outpatient involves placing a catheter from an artery in the groin or arm into the artery supplying blood to the liver. Radioactive beads are then administered through the lobe of the liver into the tumor(s).

SIR-Spheres Y-90 Microspheres Carried By Blood Flow

The beads contain Y90, which is highly radioactive but only delivers high energy radiation less than ½ inch (1 cm) from where the beads are deposited. Therefore, tumors and surrounding liver tissue receive high doses of therapeutic radiation while nearby organs are spared.

Clinical studies have confirmed that patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with SIR-Spheres microspheres have response rates higher than with other forms of treatment, resulting in increased life expectancy, greater periods without tumor activity and improved quality of life. SIRT has been found to shrink liver tumors more than chemotherapy alone.

If you or a loved one have been diagnosed with metastatic liver cancer and your current treatment plan is not working for you, contact our office to schedule a consultation with one of our physicians to determine if you are a candidate for SIRT. We have 3 convenient office locations, Coconut Creek, Plantation and Boynton Beach for your convenience.

September is Peripheral Artery Disease Awareness Month: Know the Facts

Do you know that peripheral artery disease (PAD) is one of the most widespread chronic diseases and it currently afflicts almost 20 million U.S. citizens? September is PAD Awareness Month, a time to create awareness about this disease and learn the facts so that you can take the necessary steps to prevent it and/or keep it under control.

The information in this blog was published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). We are sharing this fact sheet with our readers because it contains important information to help you learn more about PAD.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Fact Sheet

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) in the Legs or lower extremities is the narrowing or blockage of the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs. It is primarily caused by the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, which is called atherosclerosis. PAD can occur in any blood vessel, but it is more common in the legs than the arms.

Prevalence of PAD (%) by Age Group (years)
The chart reflects the percentage of prevalence of PAD in men and women by age group and how it increases with age.

Risk Factors for PAD

High blood pressure

Smoking

Atherosclerosis

Diabetes

High cholesterol

Older than age 60

A normal artery is shown on the left with no blockage. The right artery shows how it's been narrowed by plaque (atherosclerosis), causing decreased blood flow, and PAD.Men and woman are equally affected by PAD; however, black race/ethnicity is associated with an increased risk of PAD. People of Hispanic origin may have similar to slightly higher rates of PAD compared to non-Hispanic whites. Approximately 8 million people in the United States have PAD, including 12-20% of individuals older than age 60. General population awareness of PAD is estimated at 25%, based on prior studies.

Other clinical conditions and disorders of arteries can mimic the symptoms of PAD, and not all PAD is due to atherosclerosis.3-4



Signs and Symptoms of PAD

The classic symptom of PAD is pain in the legs with exertion such as walking, which is relieved by resting. However, up to 40% of individuals with PAD have no leg pain. Symptoms of pain, ache, or cramp with walking (claudication) can occur in the buttock, hip, thigh, or calf.3

Physical signs in the leg that may indicate peripheral arterial disease include muscle atrophy, hair loss, smooth shiny skin, skin that is cool to the touch especially if accompanied by pain while walking (which is relieved by stopping walking), decreased or absent pulses in the feet, non-healing ulcers or sores in the legs or feet, and cold or numb toes.

Preventing PAD

• Physical activity and exercise are important for preventing PAD and for improving symptoms of PAD.
• Avoid use of tobacco—smoking increases the risk of PAD by 2-6 times and it worsens the symptoms of PAD.
• Control high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes.
• Supervised exercise training programs can improve and prolong walking distance in individuals with PAD.

Diagnosis and Treatment of PAD

In patients with symptoms of PAD, the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a non-invasive test that measures the blood pressure in the ankles and compares it with the blood pressure in the arms at rest and after exercise. Imaging tests such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and computed tomographic (CT) angiography can provide additional information in diagnosing PAD.2-4

Individuals with PAD are at risk for developing coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease, which could lead to a heart attack or stroke. Aspirin or other similar anti-platelet medications may prevent the development of serious complications from PAD and associated atherosclerosis.
All efforts must be made to stop smoking.Severe cases may require surgery to bypass blocked arteries.

References
Allison MA, Ho E, Denenberg JO, et al. Ethnic-specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the United States. 2007 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32:328-333.
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et. al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2011 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:e18-e209.
Creager MA, Loscalzo J. Vascular Diseases of the Extremities. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, et al., eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17e ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008.
Rooke TW, Wennberg PW. Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the Peripheral Arteries and Veins. In: Walsh RA, Simon DI, Hoit BD, et al., eds.: Hurst’s The Heart. 12e ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007.
Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice guidelines for the management of patients withi peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): Circulation. 2006;113:e463-654.